{"id":5081,"date":"2024-01-15T12:21:35","date_gmt":"2024-01-15T12:21:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farlong.com\/?p=5081"},"modified":"2024-01-27T10:42:32","modified_gmt":"2024-01-27T10:42:32","slug":"therapeutic-effects-of-breviscapine-in-cardiovascular-diseases-a-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/directcm.com\/th\/therapeutic-effects-of-breviscapine-in-cardiovascular-diseases-a-review\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07 Breviscapine \u0e43\u0e19\u0e42\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2b\u0e31\u0e27\u0e43\u0e08\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e14: \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e27\u0e19"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Abstract<\/h2>\n
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Breviscapine is a crude extract of several flavonoids of <\/span>Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz.<\/em>, containing more than 85% of scutellarin, which has been traditionally used in China as an activating blood circulation medicine to improve cerebral blood supply. Accumulating evidence from various\u00a0<\/span>in vivo<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span>in vitro<\/em>\u00a0studies has shown that breviscapine exerts a broad range of cardiovascular pharmacological effects, including vasodilation, protection against ischaemia\/reperfusion (I\/R), anti-inflammation, anticoagulation, antithrombosis, endothelial protection, myocardial protection, reduction of smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, anticardiac remodeling, antiarrhythmia, blood lipid reduction, and improvement of erectile dysfunction. In addition, several clinical studies have reported that breviscapine could be used in conjunction with Western medicine for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidaemia, viral myocarditis, chronic heart failure, and pulmonary heart disease. However, the protective effects of breviscapine on CVDs based on experimental studies along with its underlying mechanisms have not been reviewed systematically. This paper reviewed the underlying pharmacological mechanisms in the cardioprotective effects of breviscapine and elucidated its clinical applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Keywords:\u00a0<\/strong>breviscapine, Chinese medicine, ethnopharmacology, herbal medicine, herbal active compounds<\/span><\/div>\n
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Introduction<\/h2>\n

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Erigeron breviscapus<\/em>\u00a0(Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz.<\/em>), also known as\u00a0Herba Erigerontis<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0Lamp Chrysanthemum<\/em>, is a traditional Chinese herb that has been in use for more than 600 years, found in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and other southwest provinces of China. It belongs to the daisy family, which is a perennial, clump-forming herb that can grow up to 50 cm (20 inches) tall, though in some cases it can be less than 1 cm (0.4 inches) tall. In addition, its flower heads have blue, purple, or white ray florets surrounding yellow disk florets (as shown in\u00a0Figure\u00a0\u200bFigure1<\/span>1<\/a><\/strong>). The dried whole plant of\u00a0Erigeron breviscapus<\/em>\u00a0has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of paralysis, rheumatism, gastritis, toothache, and fever (Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, 1976<\/a>).<\/p>\n

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FIGURE 1<\/a><\/div>\n
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Erigeron breviscapus (A)<\/strong>\u00a0flower;\u00a0(B)<\/strong>\u00a0whole plant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Breviscapine is a crude extract of several flavonoids of\u00a0Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz.<\/em>\u00a0(Zhang et al., 1988<\/a>) that can be prepared into various forms including injection, granules, ordinary tablets, dispersible tablets, capsules, mixture, drop pills (Tian et al., 2014<\/a>). To the best of our knowledge, the main active ingredient of breviscapine is scutellarin (Zhang et al., 1988<\/a>). The use of breviscapine for the treatment of hypertension, cerebral embolism, and paralysis due to cerebrovascular accident dates back to the 1970s (Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, 1976<\/a>). Recent studies have suggested that breviscapine can be used to treat cerebral infarction and diabetic nephropathy. A meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials compared breviscapine plus routine therapy with routine therapy alone and showed a statistically significant benefit of using breviscapine for patient outcomes, with a marked neurologic improvement (Yang et al., 2012<\/a>). Meanwhile, another meta-analysis of therapy combining breviscapine with mecobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy suggested that the therapeutic efficacy of the combination was superior to mecobalamin alone (Liu et al., 2016<\/a>). Another meta-analysis of the effect of breviscapine injection on the clinical parameters of diabetic nephropathy (Zheng et al., 2015<\/a>) found significant renal protective effects (reduction in urine protein, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) and adjustment for dyslipidaemia (effect on the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoproteins).<\/p>\n

Currently, because of its cardiovascular pharmacological effects (Tables\u00a0\u200bTables1,<\/span>1<\/a>,\u00a0\u200b,2<\/span>2<\/a><\/strong>) and clinical benefits (Table\u00a0\u200bTable3<\/span>3<\/a><\/strong>), breviscapine has been extensively used in conjunction with Western medicine for the treatment of ischaemic cardiovascular disorders, such as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (MI), in China (Cao et al., 2008<\/a>;\u00a0He et al., 2012<\/a>). A meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of breviscapine as an adjuvant therapy for patients with angina pectoris suggested that compared with the control group, the treatment group was superior in benefiting the patients with angina pectoris (Nie et al., 2012<\/a>). In addition, breviscapine has been reported to have a broad range of cardiovascular pharmacological effects, including vasodilation, anti-thrombotic action, and platelet aggregation, anti-coagulation, scavenging of free radicals, and improvement in microcirculation, through various\u00a0in vivo<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0in vitro<\/em>\u00a0experiments. Breviscapine has a series of pharmacological properties and is a kind of mixture of several flavonoids that can be used in clinical practice, but its underlying mechanism is still unclear.<\/p>\n

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Table 1<\/h3>\n
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In vivo<\/em>\u00a0cardiovascular effects of breviscapine and scutellarin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Effects<\/th>\nCompounds<\/th>\nAnimal\/Organs<\/th>\nTarget<\/th>\nReference<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Protective effect against I\/R<\/td>\nScutellarin\/ breviscapine<\/td>\nMale Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats<\/td>\nMyocardial infarction (MI) size myocardium cell apoptosis;<\/td>\nLin et al., 2007<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Protective effect against I\/R<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nI\/R injury rats<\/td>\nPI3K\/Akt\/eNOS signaling pathway.<\/td>\nWang J. et al., 2015<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Protective effect against I\/R<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nLeft heart I\/R rats<\/td>\nIL-18 and ICAM-1<\/td>\nWang Y. et al., 2013<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Anti-inflammatory effect<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nMyocardial I\/R in New Zealand rabbits<\/td>\nProtein TNF-\u03b1 and NF-\u03baB<\/td>\nZhao, 2010<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Anti-inflammatory effect<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nI\/R rats<\/td>\nProtein TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6<\/td>\nGong et al., 2013<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Anticoagulation<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nMice<\/td>\nCoagulation time (CT); prothrombin time (PT); platelet factor III (PF3); euglobulin lysis time (ELT)<\/td>\nWang et al., 2003<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Antithrombotic effect<\/td>\nErigeron breviscapus<\/em>\u00a0flavones<\/td>\nRats\/rabbits<\/td>\nADP, AA, and platelet activating factor (PAF)<\/td>\nShen et al., 2000<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Antithrombotic effect<\/td>\nScutellarein<\/td>\nRats<\/td>\nADP-induced platelet<\/td>\nSong et al., 2011<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Endothelial protective Effect<\/td>\nDengzhan Xixin injection<\/td>\nWistar rats<\/td>\nTNF-\u03b1; inflammatory reaction<\/td>\nZhang et al., 2009<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Myocardial protective effect<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nPressure-overload-induced cardiac Hypertrophy in mice<\/td>\nPKC-alpha-dependent ERK1\/2 PI3K\/AKT signaling<\/td>\nYan et al., 2010<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Myocardial protective effect<\/td>\nScutellarin<\/td>\nRats<\/td>\nCardiac endothelial-mesenchymal transition Notch pathway<\/td>\nZhou et al., 2014<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Myocardial protective effect<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nStreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats<\/td>\nProtein kinase C (PKC); phospholamban (PLB); protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 (PPI-1); Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA-2); ryanodine receptor (RyR)<\/td>\nWang et al., 2010<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Anticardiac remodeling effect<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nHeart failure rats<\/td>\nMyocardial systolic and diastolic function<\/td>\nLi, 2011<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lipid-lowering Effect<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nDiabetic rats<\/td>\nBlood lipids<\/td>\nWei et al., 2010<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lipid-lowering effect<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nRabbits<\/td>\nThe progress of intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis<\/td>\nLou and Liu, 2009<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Improving erectile function<\/td>\nBreviscapine<\/td>\nSpontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHR)<\/td>\nRhoA\/Rho-kinase pathway<\/td>\nLi et al., 2014<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n